He mea hoʻokani pila ʻo Alfred Schnittke i hoʻokō i ka hāʻawi nui ʻana i nā mele kahiko. Ua lilo ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he haku mele, mea hoʻokani pila, kumu a me ka loea mele. Ua kani nā haku mele a Alfred i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni hou. Akā ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hana a ka haku mele kaulana e hiki ke lohe ʻia ma nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā wahi ʻaha mele.
Ua hele nui ʻo ia ma nā ʻāina ʻEulopa. Ua mahalo ʻia ʻo Schnittke ʻaʻole wale ma kona ʻāina hānau kahiko, akā ma waho pū kekahi. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o Schnittke heʻano kūikawā a me ke kumu.
ʻO Alfred Schnittke: Ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
Ua hānau ʻia ka haku mele e hiki mai ana ma Nowemapa 24, 1934 ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Engels. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, he mau aʻa Iudaio ko nā mākua o ka maestro. ʻO ke kūlanakauhale hānau o ke poʻo o ka ʻohana ʻo Frankfurt am Main. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, ua koi ʻia ka ʻohana e neʻe i ke kapikala. Noho ʻo kupuna kāne a me ke kupuna kāne ma laila. He mea mālama ola kēia no ka ʻohana.
Ua ulu ʻo Schnittke i kahi ʻohana nui. Ma waho aʻe o ia, ua hānai kona mau mākua i ʻekolu keiki hou. Ua ʻōlelo wale ʻo Alfred i nā mea maikaʻi e pili ana i kona ʻohana. He hoaaloha lākou a hoʻāʻo e kākoʻo kekahi i kekahi i ke kaua paʻakikī a me ka wā ma hope o ke kaua. A laila ua koi ʻia ka ʻohana e hoʻopaʻa i nā mea pono a neʻe i Moscow. Ua aʻo nā mākua i nā keiki i ka German, aʻo nā kūpuna i aʻo i nā kumu o ka ʻōlelo Lūkini.
Ua hoʻomaka ke keikikāne liʻiliʻi e komo i ka mele i ka makahiki 11. Ma hope o ke kaua, ua neʻe kekahi ʻohana nui i Vienna. He ana pono keia. Laki ke poo o ka ohana. Ma Vienna, ua lawe ʻo ia i ke kūlana o ka mea kākau no ka puke kaulana ʻo Österreichische Zeitung.
Ma ka ʻāina ʻo Austria, ua puka ʻo Alfred mai kahi kula mele i ka waena o 1940s o ke kenekulia i hala. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo i hōʻoia hope iā ia aia ʻo ia ma ke ala pololei. I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻi hou ka ʻohana Schnittke i nā ʻeke. Ua neʻe lākou i Moscow. Ua loaʻa iā Māmā lāua ʻo Pāpā nā hana ma ka nūpepa kūloko. A ua hoʻomau ʻo Alfred i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ke mele.
I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1950, ua paʻa ke kanaka ʻōpio i kahi diploma ma ka haku mele mai Moscow Conservatory. A laila hele ʻo ia i ke kula puka. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1960 o ke kenekulia i hala, ua aʻo ʻo Alfred i "nā helu heluhelu" a me "Instrumentation". ʻAʻole noʻonoʻo ke kumu i ka lawe ʻana i nā poʻe he nui i loko o kāna hui i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka manawa no kēlā me kēia haumāna.
A laila lilo ʻo ia i ʻāpana o ka Union of Composers. ʻAʻole i hāʻawi nui ka hana iā Schnittke, no laila ua kākau ʻo ia i nā haku mele no ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni. ʻOiai ka nui o ka hana, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i haʻalele i nā paia o ke kula hoʻonaʻauao kahi āna i aʻo ai.
ʻO ke ala hana o Alfred Schnittke
He haku mele hohonu ʻo Alfred, nāna i hoʻāʻo e hoʻomaopopo i ke kanaka a me kona ʻano. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kāna mau ʻike ma kāna mau hana. ʻO nā ʻike, ka makaʻu, ka ʻimi ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ke ʻano o ke ola kanaka - kēia mau kumuhana a Schnittke i hoʻopā ai i kāna mau haku. I nā hana a ka mea hoʻokani pila, ua hana ʻia kahi symbiosis kūʻokoʻa o ka pōʻino a me ka comic.
Ua lilo ʻo ia i mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka huaʻōlelo "polystylistics" (kahi hui o nā ʻano aesthetics like ʻole). I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1970, ua hana ʻo Alfred i kāna ballet mua, i kapa ʻia ʻo Labyrinths. A laila make kona makuahine. I ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā ia, ua kākau ka mea haku mele i kahi quintet piano, i kēia lā i ʻike ʻia e ka lehulehu ʻo "Ka mea kākau o ka hana".
Ua hana ikaika ʻo ia ma ke ʻano o ka aleatorika. Ma kahi pōkole i kākau ʻia e kēia ʻano, hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i kahi nui o ka manawa no ka improvisation. ʻAʻole kaupalena ʻia ia mau hana e nā papa.
I kēia hihia, he kumu maika'i loa ka haku mele "First Symphony". Ua hana mua 'ia ka hana ma muli o ke alaka'i akamai 'o Gennady Rozhdestvensky. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, makemake ʻia kēia ʻano mele e nā mea a pau. Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ʻia ka haku mele kahiko. No laila, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ka haku mele "First Symphony" ma nā opera o St. Petersburg a me Moscow. Ua mālama ʻia kāna hōʻike ʻana ma ka ʻāina o Nizhny Novgorod.
ʻO ka hana a Alfred Schnittke he kumu a he kumu maoli, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe ona ʻano a me nā palena stylistic. I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1970, ua hāʻawi ka maestro i ka Concerto Grosso No. 1 i nā mea hoʻokani mele kahiko. Ua kaulana ʻo Alfred Schnittke ma waho o nā palena o kona mokuʻāina hānau.
Ua hoihoi ʻia ʻo Schnittke e nā polystylistic. Ua hoʻoulu ʻia ʻo ia e ke kani o kahi mele. Ma muli o ia mau hana, ua kākau ka maestro iā Der Sonnengesang des Franz von Assisi. Ua ʻae ka poʻe koi koi i ka haku mele hou.
Alfred Schnittke: Nā Hana Hou
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ka hōʻike ʻana o ka haku mele "Second Symphony", a ua hahai kekahi mau mea hou aʻe. I kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi, ua kipa ʻo ia i ka ʻOpera ʻo Paris. Ua komo ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana i ka opera The Queen of Spades.
Ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana o Algis Žiuraitis e hoʻolālā ana ka opera e hoʻokani i ka The Queen of Spades, ua paʻi ʻo ia i kahi ʻatikala hoʻonāukiuki. ʻAʻole i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka alakaʻi o ka Bolshoi Theatre, ʻo Lyubimov, mai USSR e hana i kahi hoʻomaʻamaʻa lole. No laila, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia ka mua o ka opera The Queen of Spades. I nā makahiki 1990 wale nō, ua unuhi ʻia ka manaʻo o nā mea hana. Ua mālama ʻia ka premiere ma Karlsruhe. I ka pau ʻana o nā makahiki 1990, ua hauʻoli nā mea kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻo Moscow i ka hana ʻana i ka opera The Queen of Spades.
Ka piko o ka kaulana o ka haku mele
Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka kaulana o Schnittke i ka 1980s o ke kenekulia i hala. ʻO ia ka manawa i hoʻopuka ai ka maestro i ka cantata The History of Dr. Johann Faust. He mea koʻikoʻi ua hana ʻo Schnittke i ka hana ʻana o ka haku mele i hōʻike ʻia no nā makahiki he 10. Ua ʻae like nā mea hoʻohewa a me nā mea mahalo o ka maestro i ka mea hou.
I ka waena o 1980s, ua paʻi ka maestro iā Cello Concerto No. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā hana maikaʻi ʻole o ka Fifth Symphony a me Concerto Grosso No. 1. Ma hope mai, puka mai kāna peni:
- "ʻEkolu mau mele no nā pule Orthodox";
- "Concerto no ka hui himeni huikau ma na pauku a G. Narekatsi";
- "Poems of Repentance".
Ua mahalo ʻia ke kālena o ka haku mele akamai ma ka pae kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole ia he mea huna ua haʻalele ʻo ia i kahi hoʻoilina waiwai. Ua kākau ʻo ia i nā ballet a me nā keaka, ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua kakini concerto, ʻeiwa symphonies, ʻehā concerto violin. Ua loaʻa iā ia ka nui o nā mea hoʻokani pila no ka opera a me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni.
I ka waena o 1980s, ua ʻike ʻia ke kālena o Schnittke ma ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Ua lilo ʻo ia i "Honored Artist of the RSFSR". Eia kekahi, ua paʻa pinepine ka haku mele i nā makana hanohano a me nā makana ma kona lima.
Nā kikoʻī o ke ola pilikino o ka haku mele ʻo Alfred Schnittke
ʻOiai ʻo ke ola hoʻomohala paʻakikī, loaʻa iā Schnittke ka manawa no ke aloha. Ua male ʻelua ʻo ia. ʻO ka hui ʻohana mua i loaʻa i ka wā ʻōpio. He aloha i ka ʻike mua ʻana. ʻO ka wahine a ka mea haku mele kaulana he kaikamahine i kapa ʻia ʻo Galina Koltsova. ʻAʻole i lōʻihi ka ʻohana. Ua hemo koke lāua.
Ma ka inoa o ke aloha, ua uhaki ʻo Schnittke i nā loina aʻo. Ua aloha ʻo ia i kāna haumāna ʻo Irina Kataeva. Pīhoihoi ʻia ka maestro i ka nani ʻole o ke kaikamahine. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua ulu ka ʻohana e hoʻokahi kanaka. Ua hānau ʻo Irina i ka hoʻoilina o ka haku mele. ʻO Andrew ka inoa o ke keiki.
Ua ʻōlelo pinepine ʻo Schnittke ʻo Ira Kataeva ke aloha o kona ola. Noho ka ʻohana i ka lokahi a me ke aloha. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka male a hiki i ka hopena o ke ola o ka maestro kaulana.
Nā mea hoihoi
- Ua haku mele ʻo ia no 30 mau kiʻiʻoniʻoni.
- I ka makahiki mua o 1990, ua loaʻa iā Alfred ka makana Lenin. Akā, hōʻole ʻo ia ma muli o ke kumu pilikino.
- ʻO kekahi o nā philharmonics, aia ma Saratov, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Alfred Schnittke.
- Ua hana ʻia kekahi mau kiʻiʻoniʻoni autobiographic e pili ana i ke ola o ka maestro kaulana.
- Ua make ka haku mele ma Kelemānia, akā ua kanu ʻia ma ke kapikala o Rūsia.
ʻO nā makahiki hope o ke ola o ka haku mele
I ka makahiki 1985, ua loa'a i ka maestro kekahi mau hahau. Ua emi ke ola kino o ka mea haku mele kaulana, akā naʻe, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i ka hana ikaika. I ka makahiki mua o 1990, ua ne'e 'o ia a me kana wahine i ka mokuna o Hamburg. Ma laila i aʻo ai ka haku mele ma ke kula kiʻekiʻe.
I ʻAukake i ka makahiki 1998, ua loaʻa hou ka maestro i ka hahau, a ua make. ʻAukake 3, 1998 ua make ʻo ia. Hoʻomaha ke kino o Schnittke ma ka hale kupapaʻu o Novodevichy ma Moscow.
