He kiʻi hoʻomana ʻo Duke Ellington o ke kenekulia XNUMX. Ua hāʻawi ka mea haku mele jazz, ka mea hoʻonohonoho a me ka mea hoʻokani piano i ka honua mele i nā mele make ʻole.
Manaʻo ʻo Ellington ʻo ka mele ka mea e hoʻohuli ai i ka hustle a me ka puʻuwai a me ke ʻano maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO nā mele mele leʻaleʻa, ʻoi aku ka jazz, hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ke ʻano o nā mea āpau. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha ke kaulana mau nā haku mele a Duke Ellington i kēia mau lā.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio o Edward Kennedy
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Edward Kennedy (inoa maoli o ka mea mele) ma ka puʻuwai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa - Wakinekona. Ua mālama ʻia kēia hanana ma ʻApelila 29, 1899. Laki ʻo Edward no ka mea ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia i loko o ka ʻohana o ka hale kīʻaha White House ʻo James Edward Ellington a me kāna wahine ʻo Daisy Kennedy Ellington. Mahalo i ke kūlana o kona makuakāne, ua ulu ke keikikāne i kahi ʻohana waiwai. Ua paʻa ʻia ʻo ia mai nā pilikia a pau e pili ana i ka poʻe ʻeleʻele i ia mau lā.
I kona wā kamaliʻi, hoʻomohala ikaika ka makuahine i kāna keiki. Ua aʻo ʻo ia iā ia pehea e pāʻani ai i nā kīwī, i kōkua i ka hoʻoulu ʻana iā Edward i ke aloha i ke mele. I ka makahiki 9, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Kennedy Jr. e aʻo me kahi haumāna puka.
Ma hope koke iho, ho'omaka ke kanaka e kākau i kāna mau hana pono'ī. I ka makahiki 1914 ua kākau ʻo ia i ka haku mele Soda Fontaine Rag. ʻOiai ua hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole malihini ka mele hula iā Edward.
A laila ua kali ʻia kahi kula noʻeau kūikawā iā ia. Hoʻomanaʻo aloha ʻo Edward i kēia wā - makemake ʻo ia i ka lewa hoʻomohala i loko o ka lumi papa. Ma hope o ka puka ʻana, loaʻa iā ia kahi hana ma ke ʻano he mea pena kiʻi kiʻi.
ʻO ka hana mua i lawe mai i ke kanaka i ke kālā maikaʻi, akā ʻo ka mea nui ua makemake nui ʻo ia i ke kaʻina hana o ka hana ʻana i nā pepa. Ua hilinaʻi mau ʻia ʻo Edward Kennedy me nā kauoha mai ka hoʻokele mokuʻāina. Akā ua ʻike koke ʻo ia i ka makemake nui o ke mele iā ia. Ma muli o ka nui o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, ua haʻalele ʻo Edward i ka hana kiʻi, ʻoiai hōʻole i kahi kūlana ma Pratt Institute.
Mai ka makahiki 1917, ua komo ʻo Edward i ke ao mele. Ua ola ʻo Kennedy i ka pāʻani ʻana i ka piano ʻoiai e aʻo ana i nā nuances o ka haku mai nā mea hoʻokani pila metropolitan ʻoihana.
ʻO ke ala hana o Duke Ellington
I kēia manawa i ka makahiki 1919, ua hana ʻo Edward i kāna hui mele mua. Ma kahi o Kennedy, ua komo ka hui hou:
- saxophonist Otto Hardwick;
- mea hoʻokani pahu ʻo Sonny Greer;
- Arthur Watsol.
ʻAʻole i liuliu ka minoʻaka ʻana o ka waiwai i nā mea hoʻokani pila. Ua lohe ʻia kā lākou hana e ka mea nona ka hale pā o New York, i hele mai i ke kapikala no ka ʻoihana. Pīhoihoi ʻo ia i ka hana a ka hui. Ma hope o ka ʻaha mele, hāʻawi ka mea nona ka pā i nā kāne e kau inoa i kahi ʻaelike. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā ʻōlelo o ka ʻaelike e pono nā mea hoʻokani pila ma ka pā no kekahi uku. Ua ʻae ka hui Kennedy. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, ua hoʻokani ikaika lākou ma Barron's ma ke ʻano he quartet o Washingtonians.
ʻO ka hope, hoʻomaka mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā mea hoʻokani pila. I kēia manawa ua hoʻonui ʻia ka lehulehu o ka hui, ua hoʻomaka lākou e pāʻani i nā wahi ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, hele pinepine ka hui i ka "Hollywood Club", aia ma Times Square. ʻAneʻane pau nā kālā a Kennedy i hoʻolilo i ka hoʻonaʻauao. Ua lawe ʻo ia i nā haʻawina piano mai nā kumu mele kūloko.
Huli huli ʻoihana
ʻO ka holomua o ka quartet i hiki i nā mea mele ke hālāwai me nā poʻe koʻikoʻi. Ua piha ka ʻeke kālā a Kennedy i nā bila. I kēia manawa ua ʻaʻahu ʻia ka mea hoʻokani pila me ka nani a nani. Ua hāʻawi nā lālā o ka hui iā ia i ka inoa "Duke" (unuhi ʻia ʻo "Duke").
Ma ka waena o ka makahiki 1920, hui ʻo Edward me Irwin Mills. Ma hope iki, ua lilo ʻo ia i luna hoʻokele o ka mea hoʻokani pila. ʻO Irwin ka mea i manaʻo e hoʻololi ʻo Kennedy i kāna alakaʻi hana a lawe i kahi pseudonym hana. Eia hou, ua aʻo ʻo Mills iā Edward e poina i ka inoa "Washingtonians" a hoʻokani ma lalo o ka inoa "Duke Ellington and His Orchestra".
I ka makahiki 1927, ua neʻe ʻo Kennedy a me kāna hui i ka hui jazz Cotton Club o New York. Hōʻike ʻia kēia manawa e ka hana paʻakikī i ka repertoire o ka hui. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua hoʻokuʻu ka poʻe mele i nā mele Creole Love Call, Blackand Tan Fantasy a me The Mooche.
I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1920, ua hoʻokani ʻo Duke Ellington a me kāna Orchestra ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Florenz Ziegfeld. A laila ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka mele mele Mood Indigo ma ka hale hoʻopaʻa leo ʻo RCA Records. Ua lohe pinepine ʻia nā mele ʻē aʻe o ka hui ma nā lekiō o ka ʻāina.
I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, hele ka hui i ka huakaʻi mua o ka Ellington Jazz Ensemble. I ka makahiki 1932, hana ʻo Duke a me kāna hui ma ke Kulanui ʻo Columbia.
Ka Puʻe o ke Kaulana o Duke Ellington
Noʻonoʻo ka poʻe hoʻohewa mele i ka 1930 mua i ka piko o ka hana mele a Duke Ellington. ʻO ia ka manawa i hoʻokuʻu ai ka mea hoʻokani pila i nā haku mele It Don't Mean a Thing a me Star-Crossed Lovers.
Wahi a ka poʻe hoʻohewa, ua lilo ʻo Duke Ellington i "makua" o ke ʻano koʻi, kākau i nā mele Stormy Weather a me Sophisticated Lady i ka makahiki 1933. Ua hiki iā Kennedy ke hana i kahi kani kū hoʻokahi, me ka ʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea hoʻokani pila. Ua koho nui ʻo Duke i ka saxophonist ʻo Johnny Hodges, ka mea hoʻokani pū ʻo Frank Jenkins, a me ka mea trombonist ʻo Juan Tizol.
I ka makahiki 1933, ua hele ʻo Duke a me kāna hui i kā lākou huakaʻi ʻEulopa mua. He hanana poina ʻole ia i ke ola o nā mea hoʻokani pila. Ua hana ka hui ma ka hale ʻaha mele kaulana ʻo London "Palladium".
Ma hope o ka huakaʻi ʻEulopa, ʻaʻole e hoʻomaha ka poʻe mele. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻokipa ʻia lākou ma kahi kokoke i nā ʻāina ʻEulopa a pau i hoʻoikaika e hoʻomau i ka huakaʻi.
I kēia manawa, hana lākou ma ʻAmelika Hema a ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. I ka pau ʻana o ka huakaʻi, ua hōʻike ʻo Ellington i ke mele, i lilo i mea paʻi koke. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka haku mele ʻo Caravan. Ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke mele, ua lilo ʻo Duke i haku haku mele ʻAmelika.
Pilikia hana
Ma hope koke iho, ua loaʻa iā Duke kahi pōʻino pilikino. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka makahiki 1935 i hala aku ai kona makuahine. Ua huhū loa ka mea hoʻokani pila i ka nalowale ʻana o ka mea pili loa. Ua puni ʻo ia i ke kaumaha. Ua hiki mai ka "manawa" o ka pilikia i kapa ʻia.
Hiki i nā mele wale nō ke hoʻihoʻi iā Kennedy i ke ola maʻamau. Ua kākau ka mea mele i ka haku mele Reminisсing ma Tempo, he ʻokoʻa loa ia mai nā mea a pau āna i kākau ai ma mua.
I ka makahiki 1936, ua kākau mua ʻo Duke i ka helu mele no kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Ua kākau ʻo ia i ke mele no ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni i alakaʻi ʻia e Sam Wood a me nā mea hoʻokani mele ʻo Marx Brothers. I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hana ʻo ia i ka hapa manawa ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi o ka Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra, i hoʻokani ʻia ma St. Regis Hotel.
I ka makahiki 1939, ua komo nā mea hoʻokani pila hou i ka hui o Duke Ellington. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka saxophonist tenor Ben Webster a me Jimm Blanton bassist pālua. ʻO ka hōʻea ʻana mai o ka poʻe mele i hoʻomaikaʻi wale i ke kani o nā haku mele. Ua hoʻoikaika kēia iā Duke e hele i kahi huakaʻi ʻEulopa. Ma hope koke iho, ua ʻike ʻia ke kālena a me nā mele a Kennedy ma ka pae kiʻekiʻe. Ua mahalo ʻia nā hana a Duke e Leopold Stokowski a me ka haku mele Lūkini ʻo Igor Stravinsky.
Nā hana a Duke Ellington i ka wā kaua
A laila ua kākau ka mea hoʻokani i nā haku mele no ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni "Cabin in the Clouds". I ka makahiki 1942, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Duke Ellington i kahi hale hoʻokipa piha ma Carnegie Hall. Hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā kālā āpau i loaʻa iā ia mai ka hana e kākoʻo i ka USSR i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua.
I ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II, ua emi ka makemake o ka poʻe i ka mele, ʻoi aku ka jazz. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka poʻe i loko o ke kaumaha, a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka mea wale nō i hopohopo iā lākou ʻo ko lākou kūlana kālā.
Ua lana ʻo Duke a me kāna hui no kekahi manawa. Akā, ua'oi aku ka maika'i o ke kūlana kālā o Kennedy, a'a'ole hiki iā ia ke uku i nā hana a nā mea ho'okani pila. Ua pau ka noho ana o ka hui. Ua loaʻa iā Ellington kahi kālā hou. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e kākau mele no nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni.
Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i haʻalele ka mea mele i ka manaʻolana e hoʻi i ka jazz. A hana ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1956, he mea kupanaha a kupaianaha. Ua hoʻokani ka mea hoʻokani pila ma ka ʻaha mele ma Newport. Me ke kōkua o ka mea hoʻonohonoho ʻo William Strayhorn a me nā mea hoʻokani hou, ua hauʻoli ʻo Ellington i nā mea aloha mele me nā haku mele e like me Lady Mac a me Half the Fun. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā mele ma nā hana a Shakespeare.
Akā ua wehe nā makahiki 1960 i kahi hanu hou no ka mea hoʻokani pila. ʻO kēia manawa ka lua o ka piko o ka kaulana i ka hana a Duke. Ua loaʻa i ka mea mele he 11 mau makana Grammy i ka lālani.
I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1960, ua loaʻa iā Ellington ke Kauoha o ke Kūʻokoʻa. Hāʻawi ʻia ka makana i ka mea hoʻokani pila e ka Pelekikena o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo Richard Nixon. ʻEkolu makahiki ma hope mai, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Duke i ka makana e ka Pelekikena hou o ʻAmelika, ʻo Lyndon Johnson.
Duke Ellington: ola pilikino
Ua male ʻo Duke i ka makahiki 19. ʻO Edna Thompson ka wahine mua a ka mea hoʻokani. ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ua noho male ʻo Ellington me kēia wahine a hiki i ka hopena o kona mau lā. He keiki kāne kā lāua ʻo Mercer, i hānau ʻia ma 1919.
Make o Duke Ellington
Ua ʻeha mua ka mea hoʻokani pila i kāna hana ʻana i kahi mele no ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni Mind Exchange. ʻO nā hōʻailona mua ʻaʻole i hopohopo nui iā Duke.
I ka makahiki 1973, ua hana nā poʻe kaulana i kahi hōʻailona hōʻino - ka maʻi kanesa. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua loaʻa ʻo Duke i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi, a ua piʻi nui kona maʻi.
I ka lā 24 o Mei, 1974, ua hala ʻo Duke Ellington. Ua kanu ʻia ka mea hoʻokani pila kaulana i ʻekolu lā ma hope mai ma ka hale kupapaʻu kahiko loa o New York, ʻo Woodlawn, aia ma ka Bronx.
Ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Jazzman ma hope o ka make ʻana i ka makana Pulitzer. Ma 1976, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Center i kapa ʻia ma hope ona. I loko o ka lumi hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā kiʻi he nui o ka mea hoʻokani pila.
