Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Ella Fitzgerald ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ʻo ia ka "First Lady of Song", ʻo Ella Fitzgerald kekahi o nā mea hoʻokani leo wahine maikaʻi loa o nā manawa āpau. Loaʻa iā Fitzgerald me ka leo hoʻokano kiʻekiʻe, ākea a me ka ʻōlelo ʻōlelo maikaʻi loa, ʻo Fitzgerald nō hoʻi he ʻano kowali, a me kāna ʻano mele ʻeleʻele hiki iā ia ke kū i mua o kekahi o kona mau hoa.
Ua loaʻa mua ʻo ia i ka kaulana ma ke ʻano he lālā o kahi hui i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka pahu pahu Chick Webb i ka makahiki 1930. Ua hoʻopaʻa pū lāua i ka hit "A-Tisket, A-Tasket", a laila i ka makahiki 1940, ua loaʻa iā Ella ka mahalo nui i kāna mau hana jazz ma ka Jazz ma nā hui nui o Philharmonic a me Dizzy Gillespie.
Ma ka hana pū ʻana me ka mea hana a me ka luna hapa manawa ʻo Norman Grantz, ua loaʻa iā ia ka ʻike hou aʻe me kāna pūʻulu album i hana ʻia ma ke kekona hoʻopaʻa leo Verve. Ua hana ka studio me nā mea haku mele like ʻole, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Great American Songwriters".
Ma kāna ʻoihana 50 makahiki, ua loaʻa iā Ella Fitzgerald he 13 Grammy Awards, kūʻai aku ma luna o 40 miliona mau album, a loaʻa iā ia nā makana he nui e like me ka National Medal of Arts and the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
ʻO Fitzgerald, ma ke ʻano he moʻomeheu koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, ua loaʻa ka hopena nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka jazz a me nā mele kaulana a noho mau ʻo ia i kahi moe no nā mea pā a me nā mea hana kiʻi he mau makahiki ma hope o kona haʻalele ʻana mai ke kahua.
Pehea i pakele ai ke kaikamahine i nā pilikia a me nā poho weliweli
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Fitzgerald i ka makahiki 1917 ma Newport News, Virginia. Ua ulu ʻo ia ma kahi ʻohana papa hana ma Yonkers, New York. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kona mau mākua ma hope koke o kona hānau ʻana, a ua hānai nui ʻia ʻo ia e kona makuahine ʻo Temperance "Tempy" Fitzgerald a me ke keikikāne o kona makuahine ʻo Joseph "Joe" Da Silva.
Ua loaʻa i ke kaikamahine kekahi kaikuahine ʻōpio ʻo Frances, i hānau ʻia ma 1923. No ke kōkua ʻana i ka ʻohana ma ke kālā, loaʻa pinepine ʻo Fitzgerald i ke kālā mai nā hana ʻokoʻa, me ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kālā i kekahi manawa e pili ana i ka poʻe piliwaiwai kūloko.
Ma ke ʻano he tomboy ʻōpio hilinaʻi nui, ua ikaika ʻo Ella i nā haʻuki a pāʻani pinepine i nā pāʻani baseball kūloko. Ma muli o kona makuahine, ua leʻaleʻa ʻo ia i ka hīmeni a me ka hula, a ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā hola he nui i ka hīmeni ʻana i nā moʻolelo a Bing Crosby, Conna Boswell a me nā kaikuahine ʻo Boswell. Lawe pinepine ke kaikamahine i ke kaʻaahi a hele i kahi kūlanakauhale kokoke e nānā i kahi hōʻike me nā hoaaloha ma ka Apollo Theatre ma Harlem.
I ka makahiki 1932, ua make kona makuahine ma muli o nā ʻeha i loaʻa i kahi ulia kaʻa. Me ka hopohopo nui i ka nalowale, ua hele ʻo Fitzgerald i kahi wā paʻakikī. A laila haʻalele mau ʻo ia i ke kula a loaʻa ka pilikia me nā mākaʻi.
Ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo ia i kahi kula hoʻoponopono, kahi i hana ʻino ʻia ai ʻo Ella e kona mau kahu. Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana mai ka hale paʻahao, ua hoʻopau ʻo ia i New York i waena o ka Depression Nui.
ʻOiai nā pilikia a pau, ua hana ʻo Ella Fitzgerald no ka mea ua hahai ʻo ia i kāna moeʻuhane a me ke aloha nui ʻole i ka hoʻokani.
Nā hoʻokūkū a me nā lanakila ʻo Ella Fitzgerald
I ka makahiki 1934, ua komo ʻo ia a lanakila i ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū ma Apollo, e hīmeni ana ʻo "Judy" na Hody Carmichael ma ke ʻano o kāna kiʻi, ʻo Conne Boswell. Aia ʻo Saxophonist ʻo Benny Carter me ka hui i kēlā ahiahi, e lawe ana i ka leo ʻōpio ma lalo o kona ʻēheu a paipai iā ia e hoʻomau i kāna ʻoihana.
Ma hope o nā hoʻokūkū hou aʻe, a i ka makahiki 1935 ua lanakila ʻo Fitzgerald i kahi pāʻoihana hoʻokahi pule me Teeny Bradshaw ma ka Harlem Opera House. Ma laila ʻo ia i hui ai i ka mea hoʻokani pahu koʻikoʻi ʻo Chick Webb, nāna i ʻae e hoʻāʻo iā ia me kāna hui ma Yale. Ua hoʻopio ʻo ia i ka lehulehu a ua hoʻolilo ʻo ia i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana me kahi mea hoʻokani pahu i lilo i kahu mālama kānāwai nona a hoʻolālā hou i kāna hōʻike e hōʻike i ka mea mele ʻōpio.
Ua ulu nui ka kaulana o ka hui me nā Fitzgeralds i ko lākou lanakila ʻana i ke kaua o nā hui ma Savoy, a ua hoʻokuʻu i kahi ʻano hana ma Decca 78s, e pā ana i "A Tisket-A-Tasket" ma 1938 a me ka B-ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi "T' aint What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It)", a me "Liza" a me "Undecided".
I ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana o ka mea mele, ua hoʻomaka ke olakino o Webb e ʻeha. I loko o kona mau makahiki he kanakolu, ʻo ka mea hoʻokani pahu, ka mea i hakakā me ka maʻi maʻi spinal congenital i kona ola ʻana, ʻo ia ke ʻeha maoli nei mai ka luhi ma hope o ka pāʻani ʻana i nā hōʻike ola. Akā naʻe, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i ka hana, me ka manaʻo e hoʻomau kāna hui i ka wā o ka Depression Nui.
I ka makahiki 1939, ma hope koke iho o kahi hana nui ma ka Halemai Johns Hopkins ma Baltimore, Maryland, make ʻo Webb. Ma hope o kona make ʻana, hoʻomau ʻo Fitzgerald i ke alakaʻi ʻana i kāna hui me ka lanakila nui a hiki i ka makahiki 1941, i ka manawa i hoʻoholo ai ʻo ia e hoʻomaka i kahi ʻoihana solo.
Nā moʻolelo paʻi hou
ʻOiai aia ma ka lepili Decca, ua hui pū ʻo Fitzgerald me nā Ink Spots, Louis Jordan a me nā Delta Rhythm Boys no kekahi mau hits. I ka makahiki 1946, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Ella Fitzgerald e hana mau no ka luna jazz ʻo Norman Grantz ma Philharmonic.
ʻOiai ua ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo Fitzgerald ma ke ʻano he pop vocalist i kona wā me Webb, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻāʻo me ka mele "scat". Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻenehana i ka jazz ke hoʻohālike ka mea hoʻokani i nā mea kani me kona leo ponoʻī.
Ua huakaʻi ʻo Fitzgerald me kahi hui nui o Dizzy Gillespie a ua lawe koke i ka bebop (ke ʻano jazz) ma ke ʻano he mea nui o kāna kiʻi. Ua hoʻoheheʻe ka mea mele i kāna mau hoʻonohonoho ola me nā mea kani, ka mea i kāhāhā i ka lehulehu a loaʻa iā ia ka mahalo mai kona mau hoa mele.
Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kāna mau hoʻopaʻa ʻana o "Lady Be Good", "How High the Moon" a me "Flying Home" mai 1945-1947 i ka mahalo nui a kōkua i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kona kūlana ma ke ʻano he leo leo jazz nui.
Hoʻohui ʻia ke ola pilikino me ka hana a Ella Fitzgerald
ʻOiai ʻo ia e hana pū ana me Gillespie, ua hui ʻo ia i ka bassist Ray Brown a male iā ia. Noho ʻo Ray me Ella mai 1947 a i 1953, kahi i hana pinepine ai ka mea mele me kāna ʻekolu. Ua hānai pū lāua i kahi keikikāne, ʻo Ray Brown Jr. (hānau ʻia na ke kaikuahine hapalua o Fitzgerald ʻo Francis ma 1949), nāna i hoʻomau i kāna ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he pianist a leo leo.
I ka makahiki 1951, hui pū ka mea mele me ka mea hoʻokani piano ʻo Ellis Larkins no ka album Ella Sings Gershwin, kahi āna i unuhi ai i nā mele a George Gershwin.
Lepili hou - Verve
Ma hope o kona ʻike ʻia ʻana ma Pete Kelly's The Blues i ka makahiki 1955, ua kau inoa ʻo Fitzgerald me ka inoa ʻo Verve a Norman Grantz. ʻO kāna mea hoʻokele lōʻihi ʻo Granz i kuhikuhi pono iā Verve no ke kumu hoʻokahi o ka hōʻike maikaʻi ʻana i kona leo.
E hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1956 me ka Sings the Cole Porter Songbook, e hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i kahi pūʻulu mele nui, e unuhi ana i nā mele o nā haku mele ʻAmelika nui e like me Cole Porter, George a me Ira Gershwin, Rodgers & Hart, Duke Ellington, Harold Arlen, Jerome Kern a me Johnny Mercer.
ʻO nā album hanohano i loaʻa iā Fitzgerald kāna mau Grammy mua ʻehā i ka makahiki 1959 a me 1958 i hoʻokiʻekiʻe hou aʻe i kona kūlana ma ke ʻano kekahi o nā mele nui o nā manawa āpau.
Ua ukali ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu mua ʻana e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e lilo koke i mau mele mele kahiko, me kāna duet 1956 me Louis Armstrong "Ella & Louis", a me 1957's Like Someone in Love a me 1958's "Porgy and Bess" pū me Armstrong.
Ma lalo o Grantz, ua mākaʻikaʻi pinepine ʻo Fitzgerald, me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā album ola i mahalo nui ʻia. Ma waena o lākou, i ka makahiki 1960, kahi hana o "Mack the Knife" i poina iā ia i nā mele a hoʻoponopono. ʻO kekahi o nā album kūʻai maikaʻi loa o kāna ʻoihana, ʻo "Ella in Berlin", hāʻawi i ka mea mele i ka manawa e loaʻa ai kahi makana Grammy no ka Best Vocal Performance. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka album i ka Grammy Hall of Fame ma 1999.
Ua kūʻai ʻia ʻo Verve iā MGM i ka makahiki 1963, a i ka makahiki 1967 ua ʻike ʻo Fitzgerald iā ia e hana me ka ʻole o ka ʻaelike. No nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻo ia i nā mele no kekahi mau lepili e like me Capitol, Atlantic a me Reprise. Ua ulu pū kāna mau album i nā makahiki i kona hoʻonui ʻana i kāna repertoire me nā mele pop a me nā mele mele e like me Cream's "Sunshine of Your Love" a me nā Beatles '"Hey Jude".
Ke hana nei no Pablo Records
Eia naʻe, ua hōʻailona hou ʻia kona mau makahiki hope e ka mana o Granz ma hope o kona hoʻokumu ʻana i ka inoa kūʻokoʻa ʻo Pablo Records. ʻO ka album ola Jazz ma Santa Monica Civic '72, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ʻo Ella Fitzgerald, ka mea hoʻokani piano ʻo Tommy Flanagan, a me ka Count Basie Orchestra, ua loaʻa ka kaulana ma o nā kūʻai leka uila a kōkua i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka lepili o Grantz.
ʻO nā album hou aʻe i ukali ʻia i ka makahiki 70 a me 80, ʻo ka nui o ia mau mea i hui pū i ka mea mele me nā mea pena e like me Basie, Oscar Peterson a me Joe Pass.
ʻOiai ua loaʻa ka maʻi diabetes i kona mau maka a me kona puʻuwai, e koi ana iā ia e hoʻomaha mai ka hana ʻana, ua hoʻomau mau ʻo Fitzgerald i kona ʻano hauʻoli a me kona manaʻo kowali maikaʻi. Ma waho aʻe o ke kahua, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia iā ia iho i ke kōkua ʻana i nā ʻōpio pōʻino a hāʻawi i nā hana aloha like ʻole.
I ka makahiki 1979, ua loaʻa iā ia ka Medal of Honor mai ka Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Ma 1987, ua hāʻawi ʻo Pelekikena Ronald Reagan iā ia i ka National Medal of Arts.
ʻO nā makana ʻē aʻe i ukali ʻia, me ka makana "Commander in Arts and Literacy" mai Farani, a me nā kauka hanohano he nui mai Yale, Harvard, Dartmouth, a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.
Ma hope o ka ʻaha mele ma New York's Carnegie Hall i ka makahiki 1991, ua hoʻomaha ʻo ia. Ua make ʻo Fitzgerald ma Iune 15, 1996 ma kona home ma Beverly Hills, Kaleponi. I loko o nā makahiki he mau makahiki mai kona make ʻana, ua hoʻonui wale ʻia ka inoa o Fitzgerald ma ke ʻano he mea koʻikoʻi a ʻike ʻia i ka jazz a me nā mele kaulana.
Noho ʻo ia i inoa ʻohana ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa a ua loaʻa iā ia kekahi mau makana posthumous, me kahi Grammy a me ka Pelekikena Pelekikena o ke Kuokoa.
