He haku mele ʻo Gustav Mahler, mele mele, alakaʻi. I kona wā e ola ana, ua lilo ʻo ia i hoʻokahi o nā alakaʻi akamai loa ma ka honua. He ʻelele ʻo ia no ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "post-Wagner five". Ua ʻike ʻia ke talena o Mahler ma ke ʻano he haku mele ma hope o ka make ʻana o ka maestro.
ʻAʻole waiwai ka hoʻoilina o Mahler, a aia nā mele a me nā symphonies. ʻOiai naʻe, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Gustav Mahler i kēia lā i ka papa inoa o nā mea haku mele kaulana loa ma ka honua. ʻAʻole makemake nā luna kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka hana a ka maestro. Hiki ke lohe ʻia kāna mau hana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā serials hou.
ʻO ka hana a Gustav he alahaka e pili ana i ka romanticism o ke kenekulia XNUMX a me ka modernism o ka XNUMXth. Ua hoʻoikaika nā hana a ka maestro i ka mea akamai ʻo Benjamin Britten lāua ʻo Dmitri Shostakovich.
ʻO ka wā kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
No Bohemia ka haku. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1860. Ua hānai ʻia ʻo Gustav i kahi ʻohana Iudaio. Hāpai nā mākua i 8 keiki. Noho ka ʻohana ma ke ʻano haʻahaʻa. ʻAʻohe pili o nā mākua me ka noʻonoʻo.
He ʻokoʻa iki ʻo Gustav mai nā keiki o kona mau makahiki. He keiki pani ia. I kona mau makahiki 4, neʻe ka ʻohana i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Jihlava (hikina o Czech Republic). Ua noho ʻia ke kūlanakauhale e nā Kelemania. Ma ʻaneʻi ua hoʻokomo mua ʻia ʻo ia me ka leo o kahi pūʻulu keleawe. Ua ʻike nā mākua he pepeiao maikaʻi kā kā lāua keiki ma hope o kona hoʻopuka hou ʻana i ke mele i lohe ʻia ma ka hale keaka.
Ua akamai ʻo ia i ka hoʻokani piano. I kaʻikeʻana o nā mākua e hiki iā Gustav ke uhaki i nā kānaka, hoʻolimalima lākou iā ia i kumu mele. I ka makahiki he ʻumi, ua kākau ʻo ia i kāna hana mua. A laila ua hana mua ʻo ia ma ke kahua nui: ua kono ʻia ʻo ia e komo i ka hanana ʻoliʻoli o ke kūlanakauhale.
I ka makahiki 1874, hoʻomaka lākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana iā ia ma ke ʻano he haku mele hoʻohiki. Ua haku ʻo Gustav, ka mea i hahau ʻia e ka make ʻana o kona kaikunāne, i kahi keaka. Auwe, ʻaʻole i ola ka manuscript.
Ua aʻo ʻo ia ma ka hale haʻuki. Ma kahi kula hoʻonaʻauao, ua aʻo ʻo Mahler i nā mele a me nā palapala wale nō, no ka mea ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe i hoihoi iā ia. I kēlā manawa, ua pau ka ʻike ʻana o ka makuakāne o ke kāne iā ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokani pila a haku mele. Ua makemake ʻo ia e hoʻololi iā ia i kahi ʻoihana koʻikoʻi. Ua ho'āʻo ke poʻo o ka ʻohana e hoʻoneʻe i kāna keiki i kahi gymnasium Prague, akā ʻo kāna mau hoʻāʻo ʻana.
A laila, hoʻoholo ka makua kāne. Kue i ka makemake o Gustav, lawe aku la oia ia ia i Viena. Ua hāʻawi ke poʻo o ka ʻohana i kāna keiki ma lalo o ka mālama ʻana a Julius Epstein. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o Mahler. Ua aʻo ʻo Julius iā Gustav e komo i ka Conservatory Vienna. Ua aʻo ke kanaka ʻōpio ma lalo o Epstein i ka papa piano.
ʻO ke ala hana o ka haku mele ʻo Gustav Mahler
Ua kākau ʻo Mahler ma kekahi o kāna mau leka i kahi hoaaloha ua lilo ʻo Vienna i ʻāina hānau lua nona. Ma ʻaneʻi ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i ka hōʻike ʻana i kona hiki ke hana. I ka makahiki 1881 ua komo ʻo ia i ka hoʻokūkū makahiki Beethoven. Ma ke kahua, ua hōʻike ka haku i ka hana mele "Lamentation Song" i ka lehulehu koi. Manaʻolana ʻo ia ʻo ia ka mea e lanakila. He aha ka hōʻeha o ka maestro i ka wā i lanakila ai ʻo Robert Fuchs.
ʻAʻole like me ka hapa nui o ka poʻe noʻonoʻo, ʻaʻole i hoʻoikaika ʻo Gustav e hana hou aku. Ua huhū loa ʻo ia a haʻalele i ke kākau ʻana i nā hana mele no kekahi manawa. ʻAʻole i hoʻomaka ka mea hoʻokani pila e hoʻopau i ka moʻolelo opera "Ryubetsal" i hoʻomaka.
Ua lawe ʻo ia i kahi o kahi alakaʻi ma kekahi o nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma Ljubljana. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua loaʻa iā Gustav kahi hoʻopaʻa inoa ma Olmutz. Ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e pale i nā loina Wagnerian o ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka orchestra. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻomau kāna ʻoihana ma ka Karl-Theatre. I loko o ka hale keaka, ua lawe ʻo ia i ke kūlana o ka haku mele.
I ka makahiki 1883, ua lilo ka maestro i mea alakaʻi lua o ka Royal Theatre. Ua paʻa ʻo ia i kēia kūlana no kekahi mau makahiki. A laila ua aloha ke kanaka ʻōpio i kahi mea mele i kapa ʻia ʻo Johanna Richter. Ma lalo o nā manaʻo o kahi wahine, ua kākau ʻo ia i ka pōʻai "Songs of a Wandering Apprentice." Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea hoʻokalakupua mele i nā hana i hōʻike ʻia ma ka papa inoa o nā hana aloha loa a ka haku.
I ka pau ʻana o nā makahiki 80, ua emi ka pilina ma waena o Gustav a me ka hoʻokele keaka. Ma muli o nā hakakā mau, ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e haʻalele i kāna hana. Ua neʻe ʻo ia i Prague. Ua hoʻokipa maikaʻi ka poʻe mahalo i nā mele kahiko i ka Mahler akamai. Ma ʻaneʻi ʻo ia i manaʻo mua iā ia iho he alakaʻi alakaʻi a haku mele. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ia me ka lehulehu kūloko. Ua hoʻopau ka ʻaelike me ka New Theatre o Leipzig no ka manawa 1886/1887 i koi iā ia e haʻalele iā Prague.
Puke kaulana o ka haku mele
Ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka opera "Three Pintos", ua kaulana ka maestro. Ua hoʻopau ʻo Mahler i ka opera na Carl Weber. Ua holomua ka hana a ua lanakila ka premiere ma nā kahua keaka hanohano loa ma Kelemānia.
I ka pau ʻana o nā makahiki 80, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻo Gustav i nā manaʻo ʻoluʻolu loa. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e loaʻa nā pilikia ma ke alo pilikino. ʻO ke kūlana manaʻo o ka maestro i waiho nui i ka makemake. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia ʻo ia ka manawa maikaʻi loa no ka haku ʻana i kahi ʻāpana mele. I ka makahiki 1888, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaka mua o ka First Symphony. I kēia lā ʻo ia kekahi o nā haku mele kaulana loa a Gustav.
Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i 2 mau manawa e hana ana ma Leipzig, a laila haʻalele ʻo ia i ke kūlanakauhale. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo ia e haʻalele iā Leipzig a hiki i ka hopena. Akā, ma muli o nā hakakā mau me ke kōkua alakaʻi, ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e haʻalele i ke kūlanakauhale. Noho ʻo Mahler ma Budapest.
Pōmaikaʻi ma ka hana ʻo Gustav Mahler
Ua hookipa pumehana ia ma kona wahi hou. Ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka Royal Opera. Ua loaʻa iā Gustav kahi uku maikaʻi loa e kēlā mau kūlana. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ua noho waiwai ʻo ia. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o ke poʻo o ka ʻohana a me ka makuahine, ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e hoʻolako kālā no kona kaikuahine a me kona kaikunāne.
Ma mua o kona komo ʻana i ka Royal Opera, aia ka hale keaka i kahi kūlana weliweli. Ua lanakila ʻo Gustav i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka opera i hale keaka aupuni. Ua hoʻopau ʻo ia i nā mea hoʻokani malihini a ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i kāna orkestra ponoʻī. Ua hoʻomaka ka hale keaka e hoʻokani i nā keaka na Mozart lāua ʻo Wagner. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, ua ʻike ʻia ka mea mele ʻo Lilly Leman i kāna hui, nāna i ʻike i ke kūlana o ka leo leo maikaʻi loa i ka pōʻai hana. Ua kaulana ʻo ia no kona leo soprano kū hoʻokahi.
I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua loaʻa i ka maestro kahi kono mai Hamburg. Ua kono ʻia ʻo Gustav i ke kolu o ke kahua opera koʻikoʻi o ka ʻāina. Ma kahi hou, ua lawe ʻo Mahler i ke kūlana o ke alakaʻi a me ke alakaʻi hui. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i noʻonoʻo i ka manawa kūpono e hana ai i kahi hale keaka hanohano. He mau kumu no keia. Loaʻa i ka Royal Opera kahi quartermaster hou ʻo Zichy. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo ia e ʻike iā Gustav ma ke poʻo o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea haku mele he Kelemania ma ka lāhui.
ʻO "Eugene Onegin" ka opera mua a Gustav i hana ai ma ke kahua o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni Hamburg. Ua pupule ʻo Mahler i nā hana a ka mea haku mele Lūkia ʻo Tchaikovsky, no laila ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i kāna mau mea āpau i hana ʻia e ka mua o ka opera i ka manaʻo kūpono i ka lehulehu. Ua hōʻea ʻo Tchaikovsky i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni e kū i ke kū o ke alakaʻi. I kona ʻike ʻana iā Mahler e hana ana, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e noho. Ma hope aku, e kapaʻo Piotr iā Gustav he akamai maoli.
Ma Hamburg, hoʻopuka ka mea haku mele i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻo The Boy's Magic Horn, e pili ana i ka puke eponymous o nā mele a nā poʻe haku mele o ka pōʻai Heidelberg. ʻAʻole i mahalo ʻia ka hana e ka poʻe pā, akā e nā mea hoʻohewa pū kekahi.
Kūlana hou
Ua ʻike ʻia ka holomua o ka hana a Mahler ma Hamburg ma Vienna. Ua makemake ke aupuni e ike i ka maestro ma ko lakou aina. I ka makahiki 1897, ua bapetizo ʻia ʻo Gustav i ka Katolika. I ia makahiki hoʻokahi, ua pūlima ʻo ia i kahi ʻaelike me ka Court Opera. Ua loaʻa iā ia ke kūlana o ke alakaʻi kolu.
Ma hope o kekahi manawa, ua hoʻokō ʻo Gustav i ke kūlana o ka Luna Hoʻokele o ka ʻOpera ʻo Court. Ua piʻi ka kaulana o ka maestro ma Vienna. Ma ka nalu o ka kūleʻa, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i ka Fifth Symphony i nā mea pā o kāna hana. Ua hoʻokaʻawale kēia hana i ka hui i ʻelua mau kahua hoʻomoana. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi kekahi iā Gustav no ka hana hou ʻana, a ʻo kekahi poʻe i hoʻopiʻi ākea iā Mahler i ka palaka a me ka ʻono maikaʻi ʻole. Akā ʻaʻole hoihoi ka maestro i ka manaʻo o kona mau hoa. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia i ka Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Symphonies.
Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Gustav i nā lula hou i ka hale keaka. ʻAʻole makemake nā kānaka a pau i nā kānāwai hou a Mahler, akā ua koi ʻia ka poʻe i makemake e hana ma ka ʻOpera ʻO ka Aha. A inā ma mua o ka lehulehu, i ke komo ʻana i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni, manaʻo i ka home, a laila me ka hiki ʻana mai o ke aupuni o Gustav, ua hoʻomaka ka pāpā ʻana i ke komo ʻana i ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka wā e makemake ai.
Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻo ia ma mua o 10 mau makahiki o kona ola i ka hale keaka. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua manaʻo ʻo Gustav i kahi malaise ikaika, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kua o ke kaumaha mau a me ka papa hana koʻikoʻi. Ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e haʻalele i kāna hana.
Ua koho ka luna hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ka maestro i penihana me hoʻokahi kūlana - ʻaʻole pono ʻo Mahler e hana hou i kekahi o nā keaka ʻo Austrian. Ua kau inoa ʻo ia i kahi ʻaelike, akā i kona ʻike ʻana i ka uku e kali nei iā ia, ua hoka ʻo ia. Ua ʻike ʻo ia e hana mau ana ʻo ia, ʻaʻole naʻe ma nā hale keaka Austrian.
Ma hope koke iho, hele 'o ia e hana ma ka Metropolitan Opera (New York). I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomaka ka hana mua o ka "Song of the Earth" a me ka Ninth Symphony. I loko o kēia manawa, ua hoʻohuli ʻia kāna hana e nā hana a nā mea kākau e like me Nietzsche, Schopenhauer a me Dostoyevsky.
Nā kikoʻī o ke ola pilikino o ka haku mele ʻo Gustav Mahler
ʻOiai, ua kaulana ka maestro i nā wāhine. ʻAʻole i hoʻoulu wale ke aloha iā ia, akā ua lawe pū ʻo ia i ka ʻeha puʻuwai. I ka makahiki 1902, ua lawe ʻo Gustav i kahi kaikamahine i kapa ʻia ʻo Alma Schindler i wahine mana. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia, he 19 mau makahiki ʻōpio ʻo ia ma mua o kāna kāne. Ua noi ʻo Mahler iā ia i ka lā 4th. Ua hānau ʻo ʻAlama i kāna kāne he keikikāne a he kaikamahine.
Ua like ka noho ʻana o ka ʻohana o lāua me kahi mea ʻino. Ua launa pū lāua me kekahi. Ua kākoʻo ka wahine i nā hana a Gustav. Akā ʻaʻole i liuliu, ua hiki mai ka pōʻino ma ko lākou hale. Ua make kaʻu kaikamahine i ka makahiki 4. Ma muli o ke kua o nā ʻike, ua haʻalulu nui ke olakino o ka haku mele. Ua ʻōlelo nā kauka he pilikia koʻikoʻi kona naʻau. A laila, haku ʻo ia i ka hana "Nā mele e pili ana i nā keiki make."
Ua haki ke ola ʻohana. ʻO Alama, ka mea i loaʻa i kekahi o nā poho nui loa i kona ola, ua ʻike koke ʻo ia ua poina loa ʻo ia i nā talena o kona wā ʻōpio. Hoʻopau ka wahine i kāna kāne a pau loa i ka ulu ʻana. Ma mua o ka hui ʻana iā Gustav, he mea kiʻi ʻimi ʻia ʻo ia.
Ua ʻike koke ʻo Mahler ua hoʻopunipuni kāna wahine iā ia. Ua pili ʻo ia me kahi mea kākau hale. ʻOiai naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale lāua. Ua hoomau lakou i ka noho ana malalo o ka hale hookahi a hiki i ka make ana o ka maestro.
Nā mea hoihoi e pili ana i ka haku mele
- Ua ulu ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he keiki pani. I kekahi lā ua haʻalele kona makuakāne iā ia i ka ululāʻau no kekahi mau hola. I ka hoʻi ʻana o ke poʻo o ka ʻohana i kahi hoʻokahi, ʻike ʻo ia ʻaʻole i hoʻololi iki ke keiki i kona kūlana.
- ʻO Alma Mahler, ma hope o ka make ʻana o kāna kāne, ua male ʻelua - i ka mea kākau ʻo V. Gropius a me ka mea kākau F. Werfel.
- ʻO ia ka lua o nā keiki 14, ʻeono wale nō o lākou i manaʻo ʻia e hiki i ke kanaka makua.
- Ua makemake ʻo Mahler i nā huakaʻi lōʻihi a me ka ʻauʻau ʻana i ka wai hau.
- Ua pilikia ka mea haku mele i ka ʻehaʻeha, ka manaʻo kānalua a me ka makaʻu i ka make.
- He ʻohana mamao ʻo Beyoncé o ka haku. Haʻaheo ka hōkū ʻAmelika i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka pilina.
- He 3 mau minuke ko Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 95. ʻO kēia ka ʻāpana lōʻihi loa o ka papa mele a ka haku mele.
Make o Gustav Mahler
I nā makahiki hope o kona ola ʻana, ua maʻi maoli ka haku mele. Ua hana ikaika ʻo ia a ua ʻike i kekahi mau kūlana koʻikoʻi i hoʻopilikia i kona kūlana maʻamau. I ka makahiki 1910, ua piʻi loa ke kūlana.
Ua loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻano o ka tonsillitis. ʻOiai naʻe, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia i ka hana ikaika. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, kū ʻo ia ma ka console, e pāʻani ana i kahi papahana i haku ʻia me nā haku mele a nā Italia kaulana.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ka pōʻino. Ua loaʻa ʻo ia i kahi maʻi lele i hoʻonāukiuki i ka endocarditis. Ua lilo ke ola o ka haku mele i ka pilikia. Ua make ʻo ia ma kahi keʻena maʻi Vienna i ka makahiki 1911.
Ua hele ʻia ka ʻaha hoʻomaha e nā haneli he nui, nā mea hoʻohewa hanohano a me nā mea pena kiʻi hanohano. Ua kanu ʻia ʻo ia ma hope o kāna kaikamahine, i make i ka wā kamaliʻi. Aia ke kino o Gustav ma ka hale kupapaʻu ʻo Grinzing.
Hiki i nā poʻe makemake e heluhelu i ka moʻolelo o Mahler ke nānā aku i ka biopic a ke alakaʻi ʻo Ken Russell. ʻO Robert Powell - ua hōʻike maikaʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona i loaʻa i ka maestro.
